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Although the notion of a joinpoint is general (potentially, each instruction of a program can be a joinpoint), all the points in the control flow are not considered useful for AOP. Joinpoints are grouped according to their types, and only a subset of all possible joinpoint types are supported by aspect-oriented languages. Furthermore, the notion of the joinpoint is tightly related to a particular execution of a program (the control flow). Two different executions of the same program may give different sets of joinpoints.

In the second line of listing A.1, the lookup is performed using the context instantiated in the first line. The single parameter of the lookup method is the full name of the resource you are seeking. In our case, the JNDI name of the JDBC data source we are looking for happens to be jdbc/ActionBazaarDS. Note that because the lookup method returns the Object type, we must cast the retrieved resource to the correct type. In the case of EJBs, references returned by JNDI must be cast to a valid business interface implemented by the EJB. While the code in listing A.1 looks harmless, don t be taken in by appearances. JNDI lookups were one of the primary causes for EJB 2 s complexity. First of all, you had to do lookups to access any resource managed by the container, even if you were only accessing data sources and EJBs from other EJBs located in the same JVM. Given that most EJBs in an application depend on other EJBs and resources, imagine the lines of repetitive JNDI lookup code littered across an average business application! To make matters worse, JNDI names of resources aren t always that obvious to figure out, especially for resources that are bound to the environment naming context (which must use the arcane java:comp/env/ prefix for portability of applications instead of using a global JNDI name). The good news is that except for certain corner cases, you won t have to deal with the evils of JNDI in EJB 3. EJB 3 puts the mechanical details of JNDI lookups well hidden behind metadata-based DI. DI does such a great job in abstraction

public boolean isPasswordValid( String password ) { String passwd = getPassword(); return password.equals( passwd ); } }

that you won t even know that JNDI lookups are happening behind the scenes, even for remote lookups. DI is discussed in chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5. You can find more about JNDI from Sun s website at http://java.sun.com/ products/jndi/.

Relational databases have been an integral part of enterprise development for a few decades now. The fact that these business data storage mainstays are backed by their own body of mathematical theory (relational algebra) speaks to the elegance and robustness of this mature technology. E. F. Codd first introduced the theory of relational databases in 1970 while working at IBM. This groundbreaking research eventually led to the creation of today s database products, including IBM s own highly successful DB2 database. Oracle is the most popular database in existence today, in vibrant competition with products like Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, MySQL, and many others, in addition to IBM s DB2. Fundamentally, relational databases store and organize related data into a hierarchy of schemas, tables, columns, and rows. Other types of databases exist, including flat-file, hierarchical, network, and object-oriented databases. Each of these is worthy of study on its own merits. However, the EJB 3 specification only supports relational databases, and that will be where we draw the line with regard to the database discussions in this book. The focus of this appendix is to briefly discuss each of the relational concepts.

Although the definition of a joinpoint occurs at run time, that definition is based on the structure of a program (its classes, methods, fields, and so on) The following chapters present in detail the various joinpoint types that are supported by existing aspect-oriented languages The following categories describe the commonly encountered types that are independent of any implementation Methods: With object-oriented languages, the execution of a program can be seen as a sequence of method calls and method executions The various execution scenarios of an application can be expressed in terms of sequences of messages that trigger method executions Method calls and method executions are thus two commonly used joinpoint types Note that method executions are considered joinpoints even if they are not, strictly speaking, points A method starts, continues, and ends its execution spans a time period.